Eng Prem Gupta: NARRATION
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA AIC INSTITUTE BARRA KANPUR
NARRATION
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
NARRATION का शाब्दिक अर्थ " कथन " होता है । इस शब्द का निर्माण " NARRATE " शब्द से हुआ है। Narrate का शाब्दिक अर्थ (to say/ to state ) " कहना " होता है।
NARRATION को दो तरह से व्यक्त किया जाता है।👇👇
🔯➡️ Direct Speech
🔯➡️ Incorrect Speech
Direct Speech में वक्ता द्वारा बोले हुए statement को (ज्यों का त्यों ) inverted commas ". " के अन्दर रखकर ( " वक्ता के statement " ) श्रोता द्वारा किसी अन्य से व्यक्त किया जाता है।
Indirect Speach
और उसी statement को जब श्रोता किसी अन्य व्यक्ति से कहता है। तो वह उस statement को ज्यों का त्यों न रखकर श्रोता अपने शब्दों में कहता है। उसे Indirect Narration कहते है।
He said to me," Ram is my best friend."
यहाँ he ( reporter वक्ता ) है।
Said ( reporting Verb ) है।
जो past tense में है।
Me ( reporter का object ) है ।
" Ram is my best friend " यह 👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽inverted commas के अन्दर ( reported speech ) है।
जब reporting Verb past tense में हो तो निम्न रूप से परिवर्तन करते हैं।👇👇
Present Indefinite को past Indefinite में।
Is, am , are को was. तथा were में ।
Has, have को had में।
Has been तथा have been को had been में ।
यदि past Indefinite में हो तो past perfect में।
Past Continuous को Past perfect Continuous में ।
बदलते है।
और 🔯👇
Will. को would में
Shall को. Should में
Can. को. Could. में
May. को. Might. में
परिवर्तित करते हैं।
🔯👇
लेकिन past perfect तथा past perfect Continuous में कोई परिवर्तन नही करते हैं।
जहाँ पर should, would, could, might हो तो tense परिवर्तन नही करते है।
🔯➡️कुछ और परिवर्तन होते है 👇👇👇ध्यान से पढिए:
This. को that में
These. को those में
Here को there में
Now को then में
Yesterday को previous day में
Today. को that day में
Tomorrow को the next day में
The next day को the following day में
To night को that night में
This day को that day में
Thus. को so. मे
Hence. को thence में
The day before yesterday को two days before में
The day after tomorrow को in two days' time में
Last week को the previous week में
या
The week before में
Last month को the previous month में
Last year को the previous year में।
🔯➡️ अब नीचे pronoun परिवर्तन देखिए 👇👇
First person के pronouns को reporter ( subject ) के अनुसार बदलते है।
First person के pronouns 👇👇
I,. my,. mine ,. me
We , Our. ,ours ,. Us
Second person के pronouns को reporter के object के अनुसार बदलते है
Second person के pronouns👇👇👇👇
You , your , yours,. You.
🔯 Third person के pronouns को नही बदलते है।
Third person के pronouns👇👇
He, his , him,she , her, hers, They, them , their, theirs ,
It,
तथा किसी व्यक्ति का नाम या पद का नाम teacher, player, officer, D.M.,. S. P.,. etc
Note :-- यदि reporting Verb past tense में न हो तो tense परिवर्तन नही करते है।
और यदि reported speech सार्वभौमिक सत्य ( universal truth ) हो तो भी tense परिवर्तन नही करते है।
Affirmative sentence एवं negative sentence में conjunction " that " लगाते है।
Helping Verb से सुरू होने वाले interrogative में conjunction " if " या "whether " लगाते है।
Wh type वाले ( interrogative words ) से शुरू होने वाले sentence में उसी दिए हुए Question word को conjunction बना देते हैं।
Simple imperative sentence में conjunction के लिए to लगाते है।
और do not से शुरू होने वाले imperative में conjunction के लिए not to का प्रयोग करते है।
🔯 Reporting Verb में परिवर्तन 👇👇
Affirmative Sentence तथा negative sentence में
Say to को tell
Says to को tells
Said to को told
Saying to को telling
में बदलते है।
🔯👇👇
यदि interrogative में हो तो
Say या say to को ask
Says या says to को asks
Saying या saying to को asking
Said या said to को asked में बदलते है।
Imperative sentence में
भाव तथा स्थिति के अनुसार
Order,
Orders
Ordered
Suggested
Advised
Requested
मे बदलते है।
प्रिय बच्चों अभी ऊपर👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽दिए हुए Rules को अच्छी तरह से पढें समझें याद करें।
Next period में हम आपको
NARRATION की excercise पढाएंगे तो सब अच्छी तरह से समझ आ जाएगा।
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
( English lecturer at P. G. G. I/C Nauranga, Ghatampur ,Kanpur )
Ok dear students learn these 👆🏽👆🏽Rules .
Do your work properly
Rules:- यदि Reported speech के pronouns first person ( l,my,mine,me तथा We, our, ours, us ) के हों तो उन्हे reporting Verb के subject के number, person, तथा case के अनुसार बदलते है ।
👇👇
1- Direct-- He said to me, " I am ready ."
Indirect-- He told me that he was ready.
Rules:--- यदि reported speech के pronouns Second person ( You, your , yours , you ) के हों तो उन्हे reporting Verb के object के number, person, तथा case ) के अनुसार बदलते है।. 👇👇👇👇
2-- Direct-- He said to me, " You are late."
Indirect-- He told me that I was late.
Rules-- यदि reported speech में second person के pronouns का प्रयोग हो , और reporting Verb का object नही दिया हो तो reported speech के second person के pronouns को Indirect Speach में first या third person को ( reporting Verb का object मानकर ) बदलते है। ताकि Direct speech का अर्थ सुस्पष्ट ( clear ) हो जाय।
नीचे दिए हुए Direct Narration को ध्यान से देखिए
👇👇👇👇👇👇
3-- Direct-- Sweta said, " You teach my sister."
Indirect- Sweta said that I / he taught her sister.
इसे ऐसेे किसी भी प्रकार से बनाएं
Sweta told me I taught her sister.
या
Sweta told him that he taught her sister.
👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽उपरोक्त सभी सही है।
बस अर्थ सुस्पष्ट ( clear) होना चाहिए।
Rules-- यदि reported speech के pronouns third person के हों तो उन्हे नही बदलते है।
4-- Direct -- You said, " She wrote a letter."
Indirect-- You said that she had written a letter.
5- Direct-- Ashoka said to Raman, " You can speak English."
Indirect-- Ashoka told Raman that he could speak English.
6-- Direct-- He said to you, " You may go out."
Indirect-- He told you that you might go out.
7-- Direct-- Sweta said to Anshu ," I am a good girl."
Indirect-- Sweta told Anshu that she was a good girl.
8-- Direct-- Meena said to Sulekha, " You are my best classmate ."
Indire-- Meena told Sulekha that she was her best friend.
9-- Direct-- I said to her, " He is a good player."
Indirect-- I told her that he was a good player.
10-- Direct- I said to Mohan, " He has a pen ."
Indirect-- I told Mohan that he had a pen.
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
( English lecturer at P.G. G. I/C Nauranga, Ghatampur, Kanpur )
&
AIC INSTITUTE BARRA KANPUR
OK dear students !
Do your work properly
[11/05, 17:48] Eng Prem Gupta: NARRATIONS
Assertive Sentence
Rules 1:-- यदि Reporting Verb ------. Say to. , Says to. ,. Said to , के रूप मे हो तो क्रमश: निम्नलिखित रूप से परिवर्तन करते हैं👇👇👇
Say to = tell में
Says to = tells में
Said to. =. told में
बदलते हैं
नोट:---- tell , tells. , told , Transitive verbs हैं इसीलिए इनके बाद object का प्रयोग अवश्य करना चाहिए। to का प्रयोग इनके पश्चात नहीं होता है।
🔯 Say , says. , Said को परिवर्तित नही करते हैं। इन्हें इसी तरह से लिखते है।
🔯 Inverted commas ( " ") को हटा कर. Conjunction. ( that.) का प्रयोग करते हैं
बाकी जनरल Rules को follow करते हैं।
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखिए -----------👇👇👇👇
1 --- My friend says to him, " You are not a wise man." (Direct)
My friend tells him that he is not a wise man. ( Indirect )
2 :-- She says,. " I shall write a letter. " ( Direct)
She says that she will write a letter. (Indirect)
3 :-- Meena says to me, " Your brother is not present." ( Direct )
Meena tells me that My brother is not present.(Indirect)
4 :--- They say , " We are reading novels." (Direct)
They say that they are reading novels.(Indirect)
5 :--- Veena will say to me, " I want to buy an item of gold." (Direct)
Veena will tell me that she wants to buy an item of gold. ( Indirect )
6 :-- Mr. Pandey said, " I can buy a car." ( Direct)
Mr. Pandey said that he could buy a car.(Indirect)
7 :-- Sudhir said to Kapil, " You went to the market yesterday."( Direct )
Sudhir told Kapil that he had gone to the market the previous day या ( the day before . ( Indirect)
8 :--- Mohan said , " I have a headache." ( Direct )
Mohan said that he had a headache. ( Indirect )
9 :-- He said, " I am playing cricket . " (Direct)
He said that he was playing cricket . ( Indirect)
10 :-- This morning she said , " I will go out today." ( Direct )
This morning she said that she would go out today. ( Indirect )
बच्चों ऊपर👆🏽👆🏽 के sentence में ध्यान दीजिए--
कि today को that day में नही बदला गया है क्यों कि ऊपर दिए हुए Direct Narration में this morning का प्रयोग किया गया है । अत: दिन ( day ) वही रहेगा उसमे कोई परिवर्तन नही होगा ।
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
(English lecturer at PGG. I/C Nauranga, Ghatampur, Kanpur )
&
AIC INSTITUTE KANPUR
Ok dear students. !
Do your work properly.
[11/05, 17:48] Eng Prem Gupta: ONLINE CLASS
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
गतांक से आगे----------------
NARRATION
Rules-- यदि Reporting
Verb Past Tense मे हो तथा Reported Speech में अर्थात Inverted commas के भीतर Habitual or Universal truth ( चिरंतन सत्य / सार्वभौमिक सत्य ) , Principle ( सिद्धान्त ) तथा Proverb ( लोकोक्ति / कहावत ) का प्रयोग हुआ हो , तो इसके Tense में Indirect Speech में कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है।
जैसे --
1-- Mother said , "Honesty is the best policy." ( Direct )
देखिए बच्चों ऊपर दिए हुए Direct Narration में universal truth सार्वभौमिक सत्य का बोध होता है।
जो पूर्णतय: सत्य है, सत्य था, और हमेशा सत्य ही रहेगा ।
अत: इसमे tense परिवर्तन नही होगा।
देखिए-- 👇👇👇👇
Mother said that honesty is the best policy.(Indirect)
2-- The Guru said, "Work is worship." ( Direct)
👆🏽👆🏽इसमे भी सार्वभौमिक सत्य का बोध होता है।
The Guru said that work is worship.( Indirect )
3-- He said, " The sun rises in the east."(Direct)
👆🏽Narration मे सूर्य पूरब से निकलता था, निकलता है और निकलता रहेगा।👆🏽👆🏽यह बात हमेशा चिरंतनसत्य है।
He said that the sun rises in the east.(Indirect)
4-- The teacher said, "Two and two makes four." ( Direct )
The teacher said that two and two makes four.(Indirect)
5-- He remarked, "A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools."( Direct )
👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽Narration में Proverb का प्रयोग है।
अत: इसमे भी tense परिवर्तन नही होगा।
He remarked that a bad carpenter quarrels with his tools. ( Indirect )
6-- The teacher said to the students, "A little knowledge is a dangerous thing."(Direct)
👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽Proverb का प्रयोग हुआ है।
The teacher told the students that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing.(Indirect)
7-- My father said, "Labour never goes in vain." ( Direct )
👆🏽👆🏽Universal truth.है।
My father said that labour never goes in vain. ( Indirect )
8-- He said, "Time and tide wait for no man".(Direct)
He said that time and tide wait for no man.(Indirect)
9-- He said, " We are mortal." ( Direct )
He said that we are mortal. ( Indirect)
10-- The teacher said, "All that glitters is not gold." (Direct )
The teacher said that all that glitters is gold. ( Indirect)
Ok dear students
Do your work properly.
शेष भाग अागे के गतांक में---
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
( English lecturer at PGG I/C Nauranga Ghatampur Kanpur. )
[11/05, 17:48] Eng Prem Gupta: ONLINE CLASS
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
गतांक से आगे----------------
NARRATION
🔯Some Important facts
Of
"ASSERTIVE SENTENCE"
Rules :-- Reported Speech में यदि. Must का प्रयोग हुआ हो तथा must से नैतिक कर्तव्य / जिम्मेदारी / नियम / सिद्धान्त आदि का बोध होता हो , तो Indirect Speech में must का प्रयोग ज्यों का त्यों होता है , अर्थात इसमे कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है।
जैसे -----------------👇👇👇
1- He said, " One must do one's duty." ( Direct )
He said that one must do one's duty. ( Indirect )
2 :-- He said, " We must love our country." (Direct)
👆🏽👆🏽इस वाक्य में हम सभी एक ही देश के हैं अत: हमे अपने देश को प्यार करना चाहिए।
अत: इसमे tense या pronouns परिवर्तन नही करेंगे।
👇👇👇👇
He said that we must love our country.(Indirect)
3 :-- She said, "We must respect our elders."
(Direct)
She said that we must respect our elders. (Indirect)
4 ;-- They said, "Students must respect their teachers." ( Direct )
They said that students must respect their teachers. ( Indirect )
5 :-- He said, "We must obey our parents."(Direct)
👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽 हमारे parents हमारे ही parents है तो यहाँ भी कोई परिवर्तन नही होगा ।
He said that we must obey our parents.(Indirect)
_________________________
🔯 Rules :-- यदि Reported Speech में must का प्रयोग हुआ हो तथा must का अर्थ present or Future. में निकालता हो तो Indirect Speech में इसको अर्थानुसार has to ,. have to ,. had to,.
will have to ,या would have to मे बदलते हैं।
जैसे -----------------👇👇👇
6 :-- She said , " I must go." ( Direct )
👆🏽👆🏽Reporting Verb past tense में है। reported speech का अर्थ "मुझे जाना चाहिए " मतलब मुझे जाना होगा । यह अर्थ सुस्पष्ट होता है।
अत: had to का प्रयोग करेंगे।तथा "I" को she में बदलेगें।
👇👇👇
She said that she had to go. ( Indirect )
7 :-- Priya said, " I must do this work." (Direct)
👆🏽👆🏽इसे भी 6 नम्बर वाले की तरह बनाएंगे ।
Priya said that she had to do that work. (Indirect )
8 :-- Varsha said, " I must go to Malaysia next year."
( Direct )
👆🏽👆🏽Direct Speech में next year का प्रयोग हुआ है जो future का बोध कराता है। अत: इसमे "would have to" का प्रयोग करेंगे। तथा I को Varsha के अनुसार तथा next year को following year मे बदलेंगे।
Varsha said that she would have to go to Malaysia following year.
( Indirect )
9 :-- My beloved says to me, "I must buy a car."
( Direct )
👆🏽👆🏽 Reporting Verb Present tense में है। अत: इसमे ' has to ' का प्रयोग करेंगे।
My beloved tells me that she has to buy a car. (Indirect)
10 :--She says to her husband, "You must come back home in time." ( Direct )
She tells her husband that he has to come back home in time. ( Indirect )
प्रिय बच्चों ऊपर👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽दिए हुए Direct Narration से Indirect Narration में change करने के Rules को अच्छी तरह से पढें समझें लगभग प्रत्येक sentence मे कुछ न कुछ नियम में अन्तर है उसे अच्छी तरह से समझने का प्रयास करें और तैयारी भी करें।
NARRATION. की कापी या कापी मे जहाँ पर Narration कर रहे है वहीं पर क्रमानुसार करते रहें।
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
(English lecturer at PGG I/C Nauranga, Ghatampur, Kanpur )
AIC INSTITUTE KANPUR
Ok dear students !
Do your work properly.
शेष भाग अागे के गतांक में---
2
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA AIC INSTITUTE BARRA KANPUR
NARRATION
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
NARRATION का शाब्दिक अर्थ " कथन " होता है । इस शब्द का निर्माण " NARRATE " शब्द से हुआ है। Narrate का शाब्दिक अर्थ (to say/ to state ) " कहना " होता है।
NARRATION को दो तरह से व्यक्त किया जाता है।👇👇
🔯➡️ Direct Speech
🔯➡️ Incorrect Speech
Direct Speech में वक्ता द्वारा बोले हुए statement को (ज्यों का त्यों ) inverted commas ". " के अन्दर रखकर ( " वक्ता के statement " ) श्रोता द्वारा किसी अन्य से व्यक्त किया जाता है।
Indirect Speach
और उसी statement को जब श्रोता किसी अन्य व्यक्ति से कहता है। तो वह उस statement को ज्यों का त्यों न रखकर श्रोता अपने शब्दों में कहता है। उसे Indirect Narration कहते है।
He said to me," Ram is my best friend."
यहाँ he ( reporter वक्ता ) है।
Said ( reporting Verb ) है।
जो past tense में है।
Me ( reporter का object ) है ।
" Ram is my best friend " यह 👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽inverted commas के अन्दर ( reported speech ) है।
जब reporting Verb past tense में हो तो निम्न रूप से परिवर्तन करते हैं।👇👇
Present Indefinite को past Indefinite में।
Is, am , are को was. तथा were में ।
Has, have को had में।
Has been तथा have been को had been में ।
यदि past Indefinite में हो तो past perfect में।
Past Continuous को Past perfect Continuous में ।
बदलते है।
और 🔯👇
Will. को would में
Shall को. Should में
Can. को. Could. में
May. को. Might. में
परिवर्तित करते हैं।
🔯👇
लेकिन past perfect तथा past perfect Continuous में कोई परिवर्तन नही करते हैं।
जहाँ पर should, would, could, might हो तो tense परिवर्तन नही करते है।
🔯➡️कुछ और परिवर्तन होते है 👇👇👇ध्यान से पढिए:
This. को that में
These. को those में
Here को there में
Now को then में
Yesterday को previous day में
Today. को that day में
Tomorrow को the next day में
The next day को the following day में
To night को that night में
This day को that day में
Thus. को so. मे
Hence. को thence में
The day before yesterday को two days before में
The day after tomorrow को in two days' time में
Last week को the previous week में
या
The week before में
Last month को the previous month में
Last year को the previous year में।
🔯➡️ अब नीचे pronoun परिवर्तन देखिए 👇👇
First person के pronouns को reporter ( subject ) के अनुसार बदलते है।
First person के pronouns 👇👇
I,. my,. mine ,. me
We , Our. ,ours ,. Us
Second person के pronouns को reporter के object के अनुसार बदलते है
Second person के pronouns👇👇👇👇
You , your , yours,. You.
🔯 Third person के pronouns को नही बदलते है।
Third person के pronouns👇👇
He, his , him,she , her, hers, They, them , their, theirs ,
It,
तथा किसी व्यक्ति का नाम या पद का नाम teacher, player, officer, D.M.,. S. P.,. etc
Note :-- यदि reporting Verb past tense में न हो तो tense परिवर्तन नही करते है।
और यदि reported speech सार्वभौमिक सत्य ( universal truth ) हो तो भी tense परिवर्तन नही करते है।
Affirmative sentence एवं negative sentence में conjunction " that " लगाते है।
Helping Verb से सुरू होने वाले interrogative में conjunction " if " या "whether " लगाते है।
Wh type वाले ( interrogative words ) से शुरू होने वाले sentence में उसी दिए हुए Question word को conjunction बना देते हैं।
Simple imperative sentence में conjunction के लिए to लगाते है।
और do not से शुरू होने वाले imperative में conjunction के लिए not to का प्रयोग करते है।
🔯 Reporting Verb में परिवर्तन 👇👇
Affirmative Sentence तथा negative sentence में
Say to को tell
Says to को tells
Said to को told
Saying to को telling
में बदलते है।
🔯👇👇
यदि interrogative में हो तो
Say या say to को ask
Says या says to को asks
Saying या saying to को asking
Said या said to को asked में बदलते है।
Imperative sentence में
भाव तथा स्थिति के अनुसार
Order,
Orders
Ordered
Suggested
Advised
Requested
मे बदलते है।
प्रिय बच्चों अभी ऊपर👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽दिए हुए Rules को अच्छी तरह से पढें समझें याद करें।
Next period में हम आपको
NARRATION की excercise पढाएंगे तो सब अच्छी तरह से समझ आ जाएगा।
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
( English lecturer at P. G. G. I/C Nauranga, Ghatampur ,Kanpur )
Ok dear students learn these 👆🏽👆🏽Rules .
Do your work properly
Rules:- यदि Reported speech के pronouns first person ( l,my,mine,me तथा We, our, ours, us ) के हों तो उन्हे reporting Verb के subject के number, person, तथा case के अनुसार बदलते है ।
👇👇
1- Direct-- He said to me, " I am ready ."
Indirect-- He told me that he was ready.
Rules:--- यदि reported speech के pronouns Second person ( You, your , yours , you ) के हों तो उन्हे reporting Verb के object के number, person, तथा case ) के अनुसार बदलते है।. 👇👇👇👇
2-- Direct-- He said to me, " You are late."
Indirect-- He told me that I was late.
Rules-- यदि reported speech में second person के pronouns का प्रयोग हो , और reporting Verb का object नही दिया हो तो reported speech के second person के pronouns को Indirect Speach में first या third person को ( reporting Verb का object मानकर ) बदलते है। ताकि Direct speech का अर्थ सुस्पष्ट ( clear ) हो जाय।
नीचे दिए हुए Direct Narration को ध्यान से देखिए
👇👇👇👇👇👇
3-- Direct-- Sweta said, " You teach my sister."
Indirect- Sweta said that I / he taught her sister.
इसे ऐसेे किसी भी प्रकार से बनाएं
Sweta told me I taught her sister.
या
Sweta told him that he taught her sister.
👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽उपरोक्त सभी सही है।
बस अर्थ सुस्पष्ट ( clear) होना चाहिए।
Rules-- यदि reported speech के pronouns third person के हों तो उन्हे नही बदलते है।
4-- Direct -- You said, " She wrote a letter."
Indirect-- You said that she had written a letter.
5- Direct-- Ashoka said to Raman, " You can speak English."
Indirect-- Ashoka told Raman that he could speak English.
6-- Direct-- He said to you, " You may go out."
Indirect-- He told you that you might go out.
7-- Direct-- Sweta said to Anshu ," I am a good girl."
Indirect-- Sweta told Anshu that she was a good girl.
8-- Direct-- Meena said to Sulekha, " You are my best classmate ."
Indire-- Meena told Sulekha that she was her best friend.
9-- Direct-- I said to her, " He is a good player."
Indirect-- I told her that he was a good player.
10-- Direct- I said to Mohan, " He has a pen ."
Indirect-- I told Mohan that he had a pen.
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
( English lecturer at P.G. G. I/C Nauranga, Ghatampur, Kanpur )
&
AIC INSTITUTE BARRA KANPUR
OK dear students !
Do your work properly
[11/05, 17:48] Eng Prem Gupta: NARRATIONS
Assertive Sentence
Rules 1:-- यदि Reporting Verb ------. Say to. , Says to. ,. Said to , के रूप मे हो तो क्रमश: निम्नलिखित रूप से परिवर्तन करते हैं👇👇👇
Say to = tell में
Says to = tells में
Said to. =. told में
बदलते हैं
नोट:---- tell , tells. , told , Transitive verbs हैं इसीलिए इनके बाद object का प्रयोग अवश्य करना चाहिए। to का प्रयोग इनके पश्चात नहीं होता है।
🔯 Say , says. , Said को परिवर्तित नही करते हैं। इन्हें इसी तरह से लिखते है।
🔯 Inverted commas ( " ") को हटा कर. Conjunction. ( that.) का प्रयोग करते हैं
बाकी जनरल Rules को follow करते हैं।
निम्नलिखित वाक्यों को ध्यान से देखिए -----------👇👇👇👇
1 --- My friend says to him, " You are not a wise man." (Direct)
My friend tells him that he is not a wise man. ( Indirect )
2 :-- She says,. " I shall write a letter. " ( Direct)
She says that she will write a letter. (Indirect)
3 :-- Meena says to me, " Your brother is not present." ( Direct )
Meena tells me that My brother is not present.(Indirect)
4 :--- They say , " We are reading novels." (Direct)
They say that they are reading novels.(Indirect)
5 :--- Veena will say to me, " I want to buy an item of gold." (Direct)
Veena will tell me that she wants to buy an item of gold. ( Indirect )
6 :-- Mr. Pandey said, " I can buy a car." ( Direct)
Mr. Pandey said that he could buy a car.(Indirect)
7 :-- Sudhir said to Kapil, " You went to the market yesterday."( Direct )
Sudhir told Kapil that he had gone to the market the previous day या ( the day before . ( Indirect)
8 :--- Mohan said , " I have a headache." ( Direct )
Mohan said that he had a headache. ( Indirect )
9 :-- He said, " I am playing cricket . " (Direct)
He said that he was playing cricket . ( Indirect)
10 :-- This morning she said , " I will go out today." ( Direct )
This morning she said that she would go out today. ( Indirect )
बच्चों ऊपर👆🏽👆🏽 के sentence में ध्यान दीजिए--
कि today को that day में नही बदला गया है क्यों कि ऊपर दिए हुए Direct Narration में this morning का प्रयोग किया गया है । अत: दिन ( day ) वही रहेगा उसमे कोई परिवर्तन नही होगा ।
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
(English lecturer at PGG. I/C Nauranga, Ghatampur, Kanpur )
&
AIC INSTITUTE KANPUR
Ok dear students. !
Do your work properly.
[11/05, 17:48] Eng Prem Gupta: ONLINE CLASS
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
गतांक से आगे----------------
NARRATION
Rules-- यदि Reporting
Verb Past Tense मे हो तथा Reported Speech में अर्थात Inverted commas के भीतर Habitual or Universal truth ( चिरंतन सत्य / सार्वभौमिक सत्य ) , Principle ( सिद्धान्त ) तथा Proverb ( लोकोक्ति / कहावत ) का प्रयोग हुआ हो , तो इसके Tense में Indirect Speech में कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है।
जैसे --
1-- Mother said , "Honesty is the best policy." ( Direct )
देखिए बच्चों ऊपर दिए हुए Direct Narration में universal truth सार्वभौमिक सत्य का बोध होता है।
जो पूर्णतय: सत्य है, सत्य था, और हमेशा सत्य ही रहेगा ।
अत: इसमे tense परिवर्तन नही होगा।
देखिए-- 👇👇👇👇
Mother said that honesty is the best policy.(Indirect)
2-- The Guru said, "Work is worship." ( Direct)
👆🏽👆🏽इसमे भी सार्वभौमिक सत्य का बोध होता है।
The Guru said that work is worship.( Indirect )
3-- He said, " The sun rises in the east."(Direct)
👆🏽Narration मे सूर्य पूरब से निकलता था, निकलता है और निकलता रहेगा।👆🏽👆🏽यह बात हमेशा चिरंतनसत्य है।
He said that the sun rises in the east.(Indirect)
4-- The teacher said, "Two and two makes four." ( Direct )
The teacher said that two and two makes four.(Indirect)
5-- He remarked, "A bad carpenter quarrels with his tools."( Direct )
👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽Narration में Proverb का प्रयोग है।
अत: इसमे भी tense परिवर्तन नही होगा।
He remarked that a bad carpenter quarrels with his tools. ( Indirect )
6-- The teacher said to the students, "A little knowledge is a dangerous thing."(Direct)
👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽Proverb का प्रयोग हुआ है।
The teacher told the students that a little knowledge is a dangerous thing.(Indirect)
7-- My father said, "Labour never goes in vain." ( Direct )
👆🏽👆🏽Universal truth.है।
My father said that labour never goes in vain. ( Indirect )
8-- He said, "Time and tide wait for no man".(Direct)
He said that time and tide wait for no man.(Indirect)
9-- He said, " We are mortal." ( Direct )
He said that we are mortal. ( Indirect)
10-- The teacher said, "All that glitters is not gold." (Direct )
The teacher said that all that glitters is gold. ( Indirect)
Ok dear students
Do your work properly.
शेष भाग अागे के गतांक में---
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
( English lecturer at PGG I/C Nauranga Ghatampur Kanpur. )
[11/05, 17:48] Eng Prem Gupta: ONLINE CLASS
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
गतांक से आगे----------------
NARRATION
🔯Some Important facts
Of
"ASSERTIVE SENTENCE"
Rules :-- Reported Speech में यदि. Must का प्रयोग हुआ हो तथा must से नैतिक कर्तव्य / जिम्मेदारी / नियम / सिद्धान्त आदि का बोध होता हो , तो Indirect Speech में must का प्रयोग ज्यों का त्यों होता है , अर्थात इसमे कोई परिवर्तन नही होता है।
जैसे -----------------👇👇👇
1- He said, " One must do one's duty." ( Direct )
He said that one must do one's duty. ( Indirect )
2 :-- He said, " We must love our country." (Direct)
👆🏽👆🏽इस वाक्य में हम सभी एक ही देश के हैं अत: हमे अपने देश को प्यार करना चाहिए।
अत: इसमे tense या pronouns परिवर्तन नही करेंगे।
👇👇👇👇
He said that we must love our country.(Indirect)
3 :-- She said, "We must respect our elders."
(Direct)
She said that we must respect our elders. (Indirect)
4 ;-- They said, "Students must respect their teachers." ( Direct )
They said that students must respect their teachers. ( Indirect )
5 :-- He said, "We must obey our parents."(Direct)
👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽 हमारे parents हमारे ही parents है तो यहाँ भी कोई परिवर्तन नही होगा ।
He said that we must obey our parents.(Indirect)
_________________________
🔯 Rules :-- यदि Reported Speech में must का प्रयोग हुआ हो तथा must का अर्थ present or Future. में निकालता हो तो Indirect Speech में इसको अर्थानुसार has to ,. have to ,. had to,.
will have to ,या would have to मे बदलते हैं।
जैसे -----------------👇👇👇
6 :-- She said , " I must go." ( Direct )
👆🏽👆🏽Reporting Verb past tense में है। reported speech का अर्थ "मुझे जाना चाहिए " मतलब मुझे जाना होगा । यह अर्थ सुस्पष्ट होता है।
अत: had to का प्रयोग करेंगे।तथा "I" को she में बदलेगें।
👇👇👇
She said that she had to go. ( Indirect )
7 :-- Priya said, " I must do this work." (Direct)
👆🏽👆🏽इसे भी 6 नम्बर वाले की तरह बनाएंगे ।
Priya said that she had to do that work. (Indirect )
8 :-- Varsha said, " I must go to Malaysia next year."
( Direct )
👆🏽👆🏽Direct Speech में next year का प्रयोग हुआ है जो future का बोध कराता है। अत: इसमे "would have to" का प्रयोग करेंगे। तथा I को Varsha के अनुसार तथा next year को following year मे बदलेंगे।
Varsha said that she would have to go to Malaysia following year.
( Indirect )
9 :-- My beloved says to me, "I must buy a car."
( Direct )
👆🏽👆🏽 Reporting Verb Present tense में है। अत: इसमे ' has to ' का प्रयोग करेंगे।
My beloved tells me that she has to buy a car. (Indirect)
10 :--She says to her husband, "You must come back home in time." ( Direct )
She tells her husband that he has to come back home in time. ( Indirect )
प्रिय बच्चों ऊपर👆🏽👆🏽👆🏽दिए हुए Direct Narration से Indirect Narration में change करने के Rules को अच्छी तरह से पढें समझें लगभग प्रत्येक sentence मे कुछ न कुछ नियम में अन्तर है उसे अच्छी तरह से समझने का प्रयास करें और तैयारी भी करें।
NARRATION. की कापी या कापी मे जहाँ पर Narration कर रहे है वहीं पर क्रमानुसार करते रहें।
By PREM KUMAR GUPTA
(English lecturer at PGG I/C Nauranga, Ghatampur, Kanpur )
AIC INSTITUTE KANPUR
Ok dear students !
Do your work properly.
शेष भाग अागे के गतांक में---
2
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